A Study of Lipid Profile Changes in Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: In the recent years, increase in the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in developing countries has been associated with complications resulting in mortality and morbidity. This research determined the Lipid profile abnormalities in diabetes mellitus which is one of the leading cause of complications of diabetes mellitus. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) with altered lipid profile in one of the main causes of cardiovascular disease. Methods: 100 diabetic and 100 non diabetic patients enrolled in our hospital were included in the study. Biochemical tests for blood sugar levels, glycated hemoglobin, Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL and HDL were performed. Results: The high levels of Total cholesterol, TGL and LDL were seen more among females than in males. Elevated levels of lipids were seen more among the diabetics than normal controls. Conclusion: Since high lipids with diabetes is a very dangerous combination, people should be educated properly towards the risk of this so that proper action can be taken maintain normal lipid levels.

Prostate cancer disease characteristics for foreign-born South Asian men living in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: We report the largest known cohort of South Asian (SA) men treated by radical prostatectomy living in the United States. Our objective was to characterize this sub-population and compare them to our wider cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at two high-volume United States academic institutions at separate geographic locations between 1990 and 2011 were identified. Demographic data, pre-operative Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason score, pathology Gleason score, pathology Stage, margin status, and node status were collected. In addition to SA men, African American (AA) men were identified and used for comparative analysis as a high-risk cohort. RESULTS: A total of 69 SA men were identified in Cohort 1 and 24 men were identified in Cohort 2. When comparing SA men against the entire cohort, no significant difference was found for age, year of surgery, biopsy Gleason score, or path Gleason score for either cohort. However, significant differences were found in pre-operative PSA (P = 0.01), pathologic stage (P<0.01), and positive node status (P = 0.04) for SA men in Cohort 1. Whereas in Cohort 2, SA men had a significantly higher proportion of positive surgical margins (P = 0.04). In all significant comparisons, characteristics were worse in SA men and similar to that of AA men. CONCLUSIONS: SA men have worse pathologic disease profiles when compared to the general population of men undergoing radical prostatectomy. SA men living in the United States have pathologic disease profiles that are comparable to AA men.

Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients. Though acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an immunosuppressed state, CMV disease has been reported infrequently. We present a patient of adult B lineage ALL who was on maintenance chemotherapy and developed CMV pneumonia. Patient was managed with intravenous ganciclovir and had successful outcome. However, three weeks later patient had a relapse of ALL and died shortly after high dose chemotherapy.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and pain - a review of the disease from aetiology, evaluation, past surgical treatment options to current practice.

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), often referred to as "adult" polycystic kidney disease, is one of the commonest hereditary disorders. It affects approximately 4 to 6 million individuals worldwide. The disease progresses to end-stage renal disease and it accounts for 10-15% of patients requiring dialysis in the United States. A comprehensive Medline search for aetiology, evaluation, screening, cellular biology, and treatment was utilized to locate, extract, and synthesize relevant data with respect to this topic. Special attention was focused on urologic literature and surgical textbooks regarding operative treatment of pain associated with ADPKD. Now, patients with ADPKD have more treatment options. More specifically, several therapeutic alternatives are now available for the management of pain in these patients. A recent review of literature supports the performance of open or laparoscopic cyst decortication procedures for control of pain and infection without the worry of causing further renal impairment in those with preserved renal function.

Evaluation of various modalities for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis in body fluids remains an enigma. This study is an attempt to evaluate various modalities like smear, culture & PCR for the same. Out of 110 samples of body fluids, 68(61.8%) were negative by all the modalities, 11(10%) could be diagnosed by all modalities. 25(22.72%) were diagnosed by PCR alone. 3(2.7%) showed a growth on culture alone while 3 cases (2.7%) could be demonstrated only on smear.

Cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin and cellular proliferation marker AgNOR in bladder lesions--usefulness and limitations.

The objective of this study on bladder lesions was to assess the relationship of (a) the proliferative activity measured by AgNOR counts, and (b) the loss of cell adhesion leading to acquisition of invasive properties as assessed by E-Cadherin expression. Paraffin embedded tissue biopsies from normal urothelium and malignant urothelial lesions were randomly selected from our surgical pathology files. AgNORs were analysed by the silver staining method and E_cadherin expression by immunohistochemistry. An increase in M&P AgNOR counts was observed from normal through benign to malignant tumors. A corresponding decrease in E Cadherin expression was noticed from normal through different grades of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). A correlation was found between a high P AgNOR and decreased E_cadherin expression with stromal and muscle invasive tumors. It is deduced that when low grade tumors show a high P AgNOR and loss of E_cadherin expression, it is a significant indicator of the possible aggressive behavior in terms of stromal or muscle invasion and progression to a higher grade in future.

Prognostic value of argyrophylic nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) in breast lesions.

A total of 200 breast tissues which included 5 normals, 55 benign and 140 malignant lesions were stained for Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organiser Regions (AGNORs). A comparison of the AGNOR values with histologic variables, viz., tumor type, size nuclear grade, desmoplasia, elastosis, lymph node metastasis and Oestrogen and Progesterone Receptor (ER/PR) status was carried out in malignant lesions. AGNOR values could sharply distinguish benign from malignant lesions. Among the malignant lesions, an attempt to determine the value of AGNOR count in prognostication was made. AGNOR counts correlated with tumor size, mitoses and desmoplasia. ER/PgR negative tumors showed a tendency for high NOR counts, but lymph node metastasis, which is considered one of the most reliable prognostic indicators, did not concur with AGNOR counts in our study. These results indicate that AGNOR counts can not be used as a sole independent marker in breast cancer prognostication.

Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in precancerous and cancerous lesions of cervix in Indian women: a preliminary report.

One hundred cervical tissues including 72 malignancies (68 squamous cell carcinomas, 3 adenocarcinomas, 1 neuro-endocrine carcinoma), 24 cases of CIN of various grades and 4 normals were examined for the presence of Human Papilloma virus (HPV) types by non isotopic in-situ hybridisation. Biotinylated probes to HPV types 16 and 18 were used in all the cases and 31 and 33 in 15 squamous Carcinomas. HPV DNA sequences were detected in 55/72 (76.4%) of the malignant lesions, of which among squamous Carcinomas. HPV 16 alone was present in 12 of 68 cases (17.64%) and type 18 in 15 of 68 cases (22.0%). 20/68 (29.4%) showed both types 16 and 18. Of the 15 cases examined for types 31 and 33.5 cases showed presence of both types. All three adenocarcinomas were negative for HPV 16, but positive for HPV 18. The solitary case of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma showed only HPV 18. Of the 24 CINS, type 16 was detected in 7/24 cases (29.1%) type 18 in 2/24 (8.3%) cases and both types in 1/24 (4.1%). None of the normal cases showed positive signals for HPV. The overall results show a slight preponderance of HPV 18 in this group of carcinoma of cervix studied and correlate with poor differentiation and greater aggressive behaviour of cervical cancer which is the most common type of cancer among women in this country.